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1 April 2001

More on Polynomials

Dennis Klipp is to be congratulated for his recent article ("A Study in Polynomial Motion," January/February 2001); it was very well done. His use of cam design results is intelligent and should suggest many other related ideas to your readers. Klipp spends quite a bit of time on the 3–4–5 motion curve and explains that this curve gives 0 and 1 for end-point displacements, with zero velocity and acceleration at the two ends of the motion. Another motion that may be even more useful is the 4–5–6–7, described by this polynomial:

f(t)=35T4-84T5+70T6-20T7

where T=t/ttotal as Klipp has defined it.
This motion curve has 0 and 1 for end-point displacements and zero velocity, acceleration, and jerk at both ends of
the motion. There are many more well-established, useful motions in cam design literature that may
be of interest to your readers.

Samuel Doughty, Ph.D., P.E. (Texas, Wis.)
Doughty & Co.
samdoughty@aol.com

Thank you for your complimentary remarks. My purpose was to introduce readers to polynomial applications and act as a primer for the techniques required. We live in a "point and click" world, and even in engineering, it seems that tasks are done with the least possible effort and thought. I hope I’ve provoked some real thought on the development of servo system motions.

I focused on the 3–4–5 polynomial in light of my presentation’s introductory nature. In my nearly 40 years of working with a variety of motion applications, I’ve enjoyed great success with the 3–4–5. The real power of polynomial techniques is the design of more specialized requirements.

Regarding the 4–5–6–7 polynomial, the zero-jerk specification at the beginning and end of the motion is an advantage for vibration characteristics when compared with the 3–4–5. However, the 4–5–6–7 produces extremely small displacement at the beginning and end of the motion. For mechanical cams, the accurate fabrication of such small displacements remains a problem. In fact, this is an issue, albeit to a lesser extent, for all motion curves that have zero acceleration at the motion terminals. Depending on a servo system’s resolution, accurately generating the 4–5–6–7 is perhaps more attainable.

Recognizing that the first and last portions of the 4–5–6–7 displacement are virtual dwells, the motion’s period should be increased to reduce acceleration and velocity. If the 4–5–6–7 is arbitrarily substituted for a 3–4–5 using the same time period, acceleration will increase by 30%, and velocity will increase by 17%. To have an acceleration equal to the 3–4–5 for a given time period, the 4–5–6–7’s time must be increased about 14%. To have equal velocities, the 4–5–6–7’s period must be increased by about 17%. This illustrates the need to understand the characteristics of the various motion forms and the impact that a designer’s decisions have on the device’s resulting performance.

—Dennis L. Klipp


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