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19 July 2001

Linear Reasoning

by Bob Jeter

Bypassing complex controls results in faster, simpler, less expensive designs.

Linear drive systems offering both automatic reversal of the traversing nut and the ability to adjust speed almost invariably require a variety of sometimes costly components. These include control systems, sensors, clutches, encoders, reversible variable-speed motors, and gearboxes. Training personnel to operate these systems further adds to the overall investment. What's more, equipment investment and maintenance is a specialized business requiring skilled technicians and labor.

Is a Traditional Solution Justified?

The popular consideration set for linear actuators in linear motion systems includes traditional solutions that have been around since the Industrial Revolution. These include ball screws, pneumatic systems, hydraulics, timing belts, and other methods. An OEM designer can consume considerable design time configuring the controls for a routine linear motion system employing any of these technologies.

For example, a ball screw (Figure 1) has to be stopped to reverse the traversing nut's direction. This requires you (the designer) to incorporate controls, sensors, gears, and other accessories. You'll also need a reversible motor. Additionally, the screw's threads can become clogged, causing the system to jam. Avoiding this often requires using a protective bellows assembly, which adds to design costs and limits space.

Likewise, other traditional linear motion technologies require both you and the end user to accept "extras" that can increase costs and reduce the overall operation's productivity. Timing belts require servo/stepping motors, switches, encoders, sensors, and programmable logic controllers. Pneumatic systems pose design space limitations—twice the stroke distance is required per piston. Hydraulic systems entail complicated mechanics and electronics, as well as multispeed, direct-braked motors, pumps, and solenoids. Moreover, cleaning up after leaks can become an ongoing maintenance issue.

In short, the investment in a linear motion system can be significant. Such an investment is justified for some operations—for example, batch control processes, precision machine tool applications, and other high-accuracy procedures.

Seek Alternatives When Indicated

For the most part, linear motion professionals are used to linear motion systems, which include expensive, maintenance-intensive components such as variable-speed, direct-braked motors, valves, and solenoids; gear-head assemblies; and motion control systems. They've accepted the downtime required for procedures such as changing gear heads and basic maintenance. The time and costs are simply figured into the production plan.

However, for production processes involving repetitive, reciprocating motion procedures (e.g., spooling/winding, slitting, or spraying), the operating and maintenance costs associated with traditionally developed linear motion systems can be avoided. You can design a simpler system that meets application requirements and saves money.

One of the least likely places to begin looking for alternatives is with the linear actuator. Yet this is where you may find your most economical and efficient alternative solution.

For example, "rolling-ring" linear actuators operate on a mechanical principle that creates efficient reciprocating linear motion—with autoreverse and variable pitch (linear speed)—but doesn't depend on complex, expensive controls (Figure 2). This reduces design time and costs, enhancing profitability. Many reciprocating and positioning linear motion applications can benefit from rolling-ring engineering.

A Justifiable Alternative

Rolling-ring linear actuators impart several basic benefits: elimination of complex, electronic controls, clutches, cams, and gears; ease of operation and maintenance; and improved productivity derived from longer periods of continued operation of production equipment.

In a rolling-ring linear actuator, the rotation of a smooth, unthreaded shaft is converted into linear output. Within the actuator housing, a series of "rolling-ring bearings" with specially contoured inner race surfaces maintains continuous contact with the drive shaft. When the shaft is rotated, and the ring assembly is angled on the shaft, the inner races bear against the shaft. This causes the assembly to essentially "roll" along the shaft, generating linear movement from the motor's rotary input (Figure 3).

Certain models of rolling-ring linear actuators require only a single-speed, unidirectional motor to provide reversible linear motion with variable pitch. These motors are significantly less expensive than their reversible, direct-braked, variable-speed counterparts.

In many instances, a rolling-ring linear actuator permits both reversing direction and adjusting pitch without slowing or stopping the system. Production rates can therefore be maintained at a higher level than with a system that requires routine shutdowns for adjustments or maintenance.

Depending on the make and model, rolling-ring linear actuators provide up to 800 pounds of axial thrust. Travel length is up to 16 feet at speeds of up to 13 feet per second. Accuracy varies from within ±0.005 inches to ±0.0004 inches.

A rolling-ring linear actuator's dynamic shaft/bearing interface is virtually backlash free because there are no gaps between the bearing surface and the shaft. In many instances, rolling-ring technology reduces design time because it bypasses the need for complex, costly controls.

Operating (training) and maintenance expenses are also reduced. Rolling-ring linear actuators require no special training, and the only maintenance needed is periodic lubrication of the drive shaft. Furthermore, because the drive shaft has no threads, the system remains virtually clog free. The cost of fabricating a bellows assembly is eliminated. Finally, in case of overload, rolling-ring linear actuators "slip" rather than jam. This protects the system from "churning" and protects valuable system components from damage.

Designing with rolling-ring linear actuators reduces the time you invest. Bypassing complex controls results in faster, simpler, less expensive projects. For many linear motion applications, rolling-ring linear actuators are worth a look. They may make some of your linear motion applications less costly and more efficient.

If you consider using a rolling-ring linear drive, make certain you're working with a company that has proven experience with this technology. Conversion from ball bearings to the rolling-ring variety is a precise procedure. Only experienced rolling-ring manufacturers have the machining expertise required. Additionally, the rolling-ring provider you select should provide expert design engineering assistance matched to your application requirements. MC

Figures and Graphics

• Figure 1. A typical winding operation uses a screw-based system requiring a variety of external controls.
• Figure 2. This winding operation's rolling-ring linear actuator requires fewer external controls and is driven by the take-up motor.
• Figure 3. Rolling-ring mechanism inside the actuator housing.
• Linear Reasoning [pdf file]

Author Information

Bob Jeter is an applications engineer at Amacoil, Inc. Contact him at 2100 Bridgewater Road, Aston, PA 19014; tel: (800) 252-2645.