Dangerous chemicals in acoustic wave sensors’ future

Minute acoustic wave chemical sensors being developed at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Sandia National Laboratories will be part of a handheld chemical detection system, commonly called chem lab on a chip or ěChemlab, and other integrated microsensor systems.

The microsensors, each about the size of a grain of rice, are similar to a canary in a mine. Like the canary, the sensors will be able to detect the presence of chemicals in the environment. But unlike the bird, they won’t sicken or die when exposed to the chemicals. They will simply alert people to the potential hazard.

ěChemlab, is a Sandia initiative to build a handheld chemistry laboratory the size of a palm-top computer. The acoustic wave sensor is one piece of equipment in that laboratory.

“What’s important here is that the chemical sensing transducer and microelectronics are integrated onto a single substrate,” said Steve Casalnuovo of Sandia, who leads a team of engineers and scientists in the effort to develop the integrated sensor. “Monolithic integration has a lot of advantages, but the principal one for us is the small size of the resulting devices.”

These devices can be so small that an array of as many as four or five miniature sensors, each measuring about 2 millimeters (mm) by 0.5 mm by 0.5 mm and sensitive to different chemicals, can reside on a chip the size of a shirt button. Because the microsensors are so small, developers said they see many potential uses for them.

Besides incorporating into the chem lab on a chip, they may also eventually function as mobile chemical detecting units that robotic vehicles can carry to the site of a chemical spill or that soldiers can wear in battle.

For the base material of the sensor, the researchers chose gallium arsenide (GaAs) substrates instead of the usual quartz. GaAs, which is used for special-purpose microelectronics, optoelectronics, and now for integrated sensors, is the key to integrating the sensors and the electronics.

Like quartz, GaAs is piezoelectric, which is necessary to produce the surface acoustic waves for chemical sensing. At the same time, it is the best available semiconductor for fabricating the high-frequency microelectronics needed to operate the sensors.

Piezoelectric materials can convert electric signals to surface acoustic waves that travel much like waves on the ocean’s surface. To make a sensor, a thin selectively absorbing polymer layer coats the piezoelectric surface. When specific chemicals absorb into this layer, the acoustic waves travel more slowly. The sensor microelectronics detect the acoustic wave once it converts back to an electric signal.

Sandia researchers foresee that the sensor electronics could someday be connected to an alarm that would activate once the slowdown in the acoustic movement on the polymer layer is detected, serving as a warning that a certain chemical is in the vicinity.

Casalnuovo said a major milestone for the project was fabricating the acoustic sensors alongside the microelectronics without degrading the performance of either. Often when two different technologies are combined, hidden incompatibilities in the fabrication are uncovered.

But in the case of these acoustic sensors, the team worked around the problem by using conventional microelectronics fabrication techniques.

Another important aspect of the research is developing new approaches to packaging the integrated sensors. The packages had to permit gases to flow over the sensor and still provide the electrical connections. To do this, Sandia researchers developed a method of machining small gas flow channels into a lid attached directly to the GaAs substrate. A conventional integrated circuit package provided electrical connections. Future versions will have a microfabricated lid to reduce the volume of gas sampled. Casalnuovo said the team is also investigating new types of acoustic wave devices that will provide sensitive chemical detection in the future. “We have adapted techniques developed for silicon micromachining to produce acoustic waves in extremely thin membranes of GaAs,” he said. “These work much like the surface acoustic wave sensors we now have but are potentially 100 times more sensitive to chemicals.”

Source: www.sandia.gov